Table of Contents

Abstract

List of Figures
[Note: figures are not yet included in online version.]

Acknowledgements

Illustration and Quote - Navigation and Information

1   Introduction

1.1   Hawaiian Context
1.2   What is known about GIS?
1.3   The Power of Maps and GIS
1.4   Overall Context
1.5   Intentions of Research

2   Theoretical Orientation and Literature Review

2.1   The Power of Maps
2.1.1   Maps and Culture
2.1.2   Maps, Empire, Exploitation, and Power
2.1.3   Maps, Vision, Protest, and Empowerment
2.2   Social Implications of GIS
2.2.1   Overview of the Literature
2.2.2   GIS - Objectivity, Neutrality, and Other Assumptions
2.2.3   GIS and Other Ways of Knowing - Knowledge Representation and Privilege
2.3   Applied and Advocacy Anthropology
2.4   Anthropology and Technology
2.4.1   Cyborg Anthropology
2.4.2   Users and Designers
2.4.3   Information Technology: Impacts and Potentials for Communities

3   Methodology

3.1   Personal Context
3.1.1   Personal Background
3.1.2   Why a Collaborative Approach?
3.1.3   Thesis Project - the Beginning
3.1.4   Biases
3.2   Qualitative Research and Ethnographic Method
3.3   Our Research Odyssey
3.3.1   First stage - Refining our Focus, Establishing Rapport with Alan Crutchfield
3.3.2   Second Stage - Immersion in Los Angeles
3.3.3   Third Phase - Hawai`i

4   History /Context

4.1   Western Maps and Hawai`i
4.1.1   The Invention of "Space" and the Western Map
4.1.2   Polynesian "Mapping"
4.1.3   The First Maps of Hawai`i
4.2   Hawai`i - Consequences of Being "On the Map"
4.2.1   Sovereignty Lost
4.2.2   Sovereignty Regained?
4.3   Context and History of GIS
4.3.1   GIS Development
4.3.2   Indigenous Peoples' Use of GIS

5   The Nation of Hawai`i

5.1   Nation of Hawai`i's Story
5.1.1   Introduction: Land and Sovereignty
5.1.2   Makapu`u
5.1.3   Pu`uhonua o Waimanalo
5.1.4   The Leader - Pu`uhonua Kanahele
5.1.5   The Trial
5.2   Nation of Hawa`i and Technology
5.2.1   Nation of Hawai`i Web Page - Guest Comments
5.3   Nation of Hawai`i and Sustainability
5.4   Nation of Hawai`i's GIS initiative

6   Government GIS use in Hawai`i

6.1   City and State GIS Initiatives
6.1.1   GIS Systems
6.1.2   Institutional Dynamics
6.1.3   Information Access
6.2   Reflections and Criticism

7   GIS and Public Access in Hawai`i

7.1   Information and Technology Access

7.1.1   Public Water Quality GIS Initiative
7.1.2   'Insider Information'
7.1.3   The Nature Conservancy: Conservation and Covert Information

7.2   Knowledge Production

8   Conclusion

8.1   Focused Recommendations to the Nation of Hawai`i
8.1.1   Suggestions for immediate actions:
8.1.2   Recommendations for actions while the State still claims power:
8.1.3   How can GIS be used for self-determination and sustainability by a sovereign Hawaiian Nation?
8.1.4   Questions to ask in working with GIS
8.2   Directions for Further Research
8.3   Relevance of Academic Critique
8.4   Limitations of the Research
8.5   Impact on the Researchers
8.5.1   Shared Personal Reflections
8.5.2   Reflections on Collaboration
8.5.3   Ulrik Schiøtz's Personal Reflections
8.5.4   Christopher Cogswell's Personal Reflections
8.6   Final Comments

9   Appendix - Additional Figures

[Note: these figures have not yet been added to the online version]

9.1   Example of 15 GIS maps from the Waiahole - Kulaloa Project
9.2   Building a GIS Database chart
9.3   Components of GIS chart
9.4   "Enterprise-wide GIS" chart
9.5   GIS Commercial - "Reality, What a Concept"
9.6   World Map of the Ocean Floor
9.7   Cartoon

10  References