ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This thesis is dedicated to the Kanaka Maoli of past, present, and future. I especially would like to extend my mahalos to the Independent Nation without whom this paper would not be possible. Specifically, Nohea Makai granted me permission to enter Pu’uhonua O Waimanalo and answered every question I had while providing great personal time. Nihi at Nu’uanu Pali provided pamphlets and much information about current events for the Nation as well as other sovereignty groups. Todd Swan copied and mailed to me videotape that proved invaluable about specific local events and their impact on sovereignty issues. Finally, Scott Crawford offered personal reflection and acted as a go-between during difficult times when I needed pertinent information and was unable to access it from other sources. There are other members who paved this way for me that I have not listed: I have not forgotten your kindness and support. Further, many Native Hawai’ians as well as Islanders acted as mentors in efforts to teach me Hawai’ian history and make sense out of various issues. Members of public entities such as the University of Hawai’i Hawai’ian Studies Center, Sisters of Hawai’i, and the State Library on King Street were especially knowledgeable and insightful. On all occasions I was treated as kama’aina rather than an ignorant haole.

I apologize for any misspellings, words or phrases not fully explained or used out of proper context, as well as inconsistencies or omissions in Hawai’ian history. I have distinguished the people of Hawai’i from the inhabitants of the State of Hawaii with the use of the accent mark, which I hope may pose some recognition to those who are ethnically involved in the sovereignty movement: I have tried to show regard and respect for Native Hawai’ians with such lexical delineation. I have attempted to follow Trask’s (1993) as well as Dudley and Agard’s (1993) prescriptions on certain events that provided impetus for the ensuing foreign invasion. I have not deleted or omitted information out of disrespect. I can only hope that I have participated in Aloha Spirit and that this thesis will provide some small restitution for the great wrong that was done against the Kanaka Maoli people.

I would like to thank my thesis committee for their time and guidance in seeing this thesis through to its completion. Dr. Joyce Flocken provided encouragement and guidance when I needed it most. Dr. Daniel Crary aided me in his critical appraisal of my ideas and arguments. Dr. Jeanine Congalton helped me keep my analysis in perspective. All spent numerous hours on reading drafts, offering suggestions and comments, and encouraging my writing.

Finally I would like to thank my family for their support. Jane offered empathy and support when hearing my tales of thesis woes. She is indeed, in many ways, my better half. My parents were always willing to make suggestions as difficult obstacles cropped up. My friends, both local and Hawai’ian, showed great patience in waiting for this thesis to be completed. Pau hana!